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| combatant2 = | commander1 = | commander2 = | strength1 = | strength2 = | casualties1 = Total: >100,000 soldiers and civilians | casualties2 = c. 300,000 soldiers and civilians }} The Paraguayan War, also known as the War of the Triple Alliance, was an international military conflict in South America fought from 1864 to 1870 between Paraguay and the Triple Alliance of Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay. It is said to have caused approximately 400,000 deaths, one of the highest ratios of fatalities to combatants of any war in South America in modern history. It was the longest and bloodiest inter-state war in Latin American history.〔Bethell, Leslie, The Paraguayan War, p.1〕 It particularly devastated Paraguay, which suffered catastrophic losses in population—some claim that almost 70% of its adult male population died—and was forced to cede territory to Argentina and Brazil. There are several theories regarding the origins of the war. The traditional view emphasizes the aggressive policy of Paraguayan president Francisco Solano López to gain control in the Platine basin. See also Fortress of Humaitá. Conversely, popular belief in Paraguay, and Argentine revisionism since the 1960s, blames the influence of the British Empire (though the academic consensus shows little or no evidence for this theory).〔Kraay, Hendrik; Whigham, Thomas L. (2004). ''"I die with my country:" Perspectives on the Paraguayan War, 1864–1870''. Dexter, Michigan: Thomson-Shore. ISBN 978-0-8032-2762-0, p. 16 Quote: "During the 1960s, revisionists influenced by both left-wing dependency theory and, paradoxically, an older, right-wing nationalism (especially in Argentina) focused on Britain’s role in the region. They saw the war as a plot hatched in London to open up a supposedly wealthy Paraguay to the international economy. With more enthusiasm than evidence revisionists presented the loans contracted in London by Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil as proof of the insidious role of foreign capital... Little evidence for these allegations about Britain’s role has emerged, and the one serious study to analyze this question has found nothing in the documentary base to confirm the revisionist claim."〕 The war has also been attributed to the after-effects of colonialism in South America; the struggle for physical power among neighboring nations over the strategic Río de la Plata region; Brazilian and Argentine meddling in internal Uruguayan politics; Solano López's efforts to help allies in Uruguay (previously defeated by Brazilians), as well as his presumed expansionist ambitions.〔Miguel Angel Centeno, ''Blood and Debt: War and the Nation-State in Latin America'', University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1957. Page 55.〕 Paraguay had recurring boundary disputes and tariff issues with Argentina and Brazil for many years. The war began in late 1864, at the aftermath of the "Cruzada Libertadora" in Uruguay, followed by combat operations between Brazil and Paraguay. Argentina and Uruguay entered in 1865, and it became the "War of the Triple Alliance". The outcome of the war was the utter defeat of Paraguay. After it lost in conventional warfare, Paraguay conducted a drawn-out guerrilla-style resistance, a disaster that resulted in the destruction of the Paraguayan military and much of the civilian population. The guerrilla war lasted until López was killed by Brazilian forces on 1 March 1870. Estimates of total Paraguayan losses range from 21,000 to 1,200,000. It took decades for Paraguay to recover from the chaos and demographic imbalance. In Brazil, the war helped bring about the end of slavery, moved the military into a key role in the public sphere and caused a ruinous increase of public debt, which took a decade to pay off, severely reducing the country's growth. It has been argued the war played a key role in the consolidation of Argentina as a nation-state.〔(''Historia de las relaciones exteriores de la República Argentina'' ) (notes from CEMA University, in Spanish, and references therein)〕 That country became South America's wealthiest nation, and one of the wealthiest in the world, by the early 20th century.〔(''Historical Statistics of the World Economy: 1-2008 AD by Angus Maddison'' )〕 It was the last time that Brazil and Argentina took such an interventionist role in Uruguay's internal politics. == Background == 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Paraguayan War」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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